Text provided by the Portuguese Tourist Office

Peneda-Geres is of particular note because it is the only National Park in existence in Portugal.  Founded in 1971, it covers an area of 72,000 hectares and has an extraordinary diversity of climate, envirorunents and scenery, comprising the transition zone between the Mediterranean and Euro-Siberian regions.

Because of this, flora and fauna are found that are rare or non existent in other parts of the country.

Human occupation dates back 7,000 years and Megalithic, Celtic and Roman monuments are found frequently.

Memory and inheritance from these times are the vestiges of community life, almost extinct today but still present in certain isolated points where they have still survived the modern manifestations of human intervention.

The vast heritage still to be found makes Peneda-Geres an essential visiting point for anyone who wishes to discover the Parks of Portugal.

Two mountain plains - Castro Laboreiro (to the North) and Mourela (to the East) - form the boundaries of the granite semi--circle that makes up this Park. Between the two are the mountains of Peneda (1373 m), Soajo (1217 m), Amarela (1092 m) and Geres (1545 m), the highest and most extensive.

Thanks to the heavy rainfall, there is a very dense hydrographic network, with the most important rivers; being the Peneda and Castro Laboreiro, Lima, Homem, Geres, Fafiao, Cabril and Cavado. Six dams have also been built in the area of the Park.

The mountain populations have always lived mainly from shepherding. Their community life still remains in the their herding, where each shepherd takes turn at taking the village herds to graze on the mountain slopes.

In Peneda and Soajo there are traditionally two homes: the winter quarters "inverneiras" - in the  main village at a low altitude and used during the colder months - and the "brandas" - used in the Spring and from where the populations go in search of mountain pastures.

The typical vegetation of the region is oak.  It is almost always the black oak that predominates, coexisting with an impressive diversity of ferns, mosses, lichen, mushrooms and other plants such as the endangered holly.

There are woods where the Geres lily can be found, but the plants are mostly heather, genista, gorse, broom, gramineous plants and juniper. This latter, like the woodland pine, the yew, the white birch and the rare Geres fern, is a true relic of glacial flora.

The varied climatic influences occasionally result in unexpected flora, with examples being the cork oak and the British oak. In the higher zones you can find areas that are always flooded, where the carnivorous plants, most particularly the "Orvalhinha", are a constant feature.

Although some of the species are now extinct, such as the brown bear and the mountain goat, the National Park still presents a very varied fauna, with important species like the wolf, the roe deer, the wild boar, the fox, the wild ferret and the otter.

Of special importance among the bird species are the endangered royal eagle, the kite, the woodland screech owl and the titmouse. Among the reptiles the most important are the rarely found Seoane viper and the horned viper, as well as the water snake, the water lizard and the green lizard. Amphibians of special note are the rare Lusitanian salamander, the tritons, the Iberian frog and the midwife toad.